HFrEF: Stem Cell Treatment and Impacts
By: Alisha Joseph and Irene Batta
Name: Alisha Joseph
School: Amador Valley High School
Impact Statement: Our project looked into the underlying diseases that lead to heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. We conducted a data analysis to analyze the risk factors associated with the underlying diseases that can lead to HFrEF. I learned how to conduct a data analysis and I enjoyed using tools like BioRender for creating figures. Elio Academy's ERP helped prepare me better for future research by teaching me complex biological concepts and gave me a good foundation on how to approach making a research paper. I would also like to thank my mentor who guided me throughout the entire process.
Name: Irene Batta
School: Bothell High School
Impact Statement: Our project examines Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF), focusing on its genetic causes, the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) role, and innovative stem cell therapies. I learned about the intricate interplay between genetics, molecular pathways, and disease progression, and I particularly enjoyed exploring the potential of stem cell therapies to revolutionize treatment. This program enhanced my understanding of advanced diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches, preparing me to contribute to cutting-edge research in regenerative medicine. I found it fascinating how clinical trials with mesenchymal stem cells and C-kit+ cardiac stem cells demonstrated significant improvements in cardiac function, offering hope for future breakthroughs.
Short Report
Abstract
This project explores Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF), its genetic underpinnings, and emerging stem cell therapies. HFrEF results from conditions like coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, and genetic mutations affecting heart muscle structure and function. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) plays a significant role in HFrEF progression by causing vasoconstriction, fluid retention, and increased cardiac workload, leading to hypertrophy and myocardial damage.Key genetic contributors include mutations in MYBPC3, TTN, MYH7, LMNA, and BAG3 genes. These mutations disrupt sarcomere function, impair protein homeostasis, and weaken cardiac muscle integrity, accelerating disease progression. Diagnostic tools such as echocardiograms, cardiac MRI, ECG, and blood tests help monitor disease severity and progression. Treatment options include medications like beta-blockers, RAAS inhibitors, and SGLT2 inhibitors, which delay disease progression. Advanced therapies, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and heart transplants, show promise in regenerating damaged cardiac tissue. Clinical trials investigating stem cell therapies, including UC-MSCs and C-kit+ cardiac stem cells, demonstrate improved cardiac function and reduced symptoms.
Max Heart Rate of patients with Heart Disease from author's data analysis
(Figure representation created by the authors:Alisha Joseph and Irene Batta)
Background
HFrEF is typically caused by underlying cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. HFrEF is characterized by substantial cardiomyocyte loss acutely or chronically, resulting in the development of systolic dysfunction. Myocyte loss follows myocardial infarction, a genetic mutation, myocarditis with cell loss, or valvular disease with cell death due to overload. Additionally, the roles of the neurohormonal systems, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), are crucial in the development of HFrEF. Chronic activation of these systems contributes to disease progression as they lead to the release of and the increase of levels of hormones, such as renin released from the kidneys.
Problem Statement
Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) often arises from underlying cardiovascular diseases. Despite advancements in understanding HFrEF, identifying key risks remains critical. We analyzed data from the Heart Disease Data from the UCI repository to identify most significant factors associated with heart disease.
Research Hypothesis
Our hypothesis is that analyzing specific factors such as low heart rate, advanced age, ST depression, asymptomatic chest pain, and exercise-induced angina from the Heart Disease Data will reveal strong correlations(strongest risk) that increases the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases, which can ultimately lead to Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF).
Results
We identified an association between bradycardia and heart disease,where patients with heart disease had an average lower heart beat by 25beats/sec. We also identified in heart disease patients, ST depression induced by exercise relative to rest is higher than those without heart disease. Finally we also saw that people with asymptomatic type of chest pain are most likely to suffer from heart diseases
We also researched various risk factors, RAAS pathway and various treatments available to the patients with HFrEF.
People with Asymptomatic type of chest pain are more likely to suffer from heart disease
Conclusion
In conclusion, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF) arises from a complex mix of genetic mutations, cardiovascular risk factors, and neurohormonal imbalances. Understanding the roles of systems like RAAS has paved the way for targeted treatments. Emerging therapies, such as stem cell interventions, show promise, especially when combined with existing medications. Ongoing research and clinical trials are crucial to developing more effective, personalized treatments for HFrEF.
Video Presentation
Full Report / White Paper
By: Alisha Joseph and Irene Batta. The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of Elio Academy.
