The progressive loss of CD4+ T-cells within a host due to an outside pathogen leads to a severe immunodeficiency disease called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). As a result, HIV patients are more likely to acquire pathogens from an oncological or infectious nature, and pose lethal threats to the body

In familial pancreatic cancer, there exists a kindred which contains at least a pair of first-degree relatives who were affected with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Roughly 5 to 10 percent of patients suffering from pancreatic adenocarcinoma have this aspect. Half of these with familial pancreatic cancer are male, and the average age at diagnosis of affected members is younger than the usual.

Cancer is fundamentally a disease of gene expression and regulation. Research has focused on the pathways around promoting cell division (e.g. Ras and the promotion of excessive cell division) or the pathways around inhibiting cell growth. Multiple gene mutations are typically required before the development of cancer.

Cognitive impairment acquired in midlife and late-life leads to a neurodegenerative disorder, called Alzheimers, characterized by beta-amyloid containing plaques and tau–containing neurofibrillary tangles. AD is a familial and sporadic neurodegenerative disease that causes amnestic cognitive impairment in its prototypical presentation and non - amnestic cognitive impairment in its less common variants.

DNA sequencing is a powerful tool with a wide range of applications in healthcare. With Sequencing we can determine the exact sequence of nucleotide bases in a DNA segment. Determining the exact sequence of DNA bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T), is key to understanding the genetic basis for many diseases.

Incorporating crop genetics into farming practice has a massive influence on the efficiency and quality of life of crop agriculture. With the ability to apply DNA sequencing to crop science, farmers and scientists alike can increase crop variety and handpick certain desirable genetic traits that can apply to other crops.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant of brain tumors, classified as a grade IV glioma that originates in glial tissue. GBMs have a low median survival rate of 15 months, despite surgery and treatment with a chemotherapy drug. The reasons for this low overall survival rate is because of GBM heterogeneity and differing mutational profiles within the tumor itself.

The information encoded into DNA is decoded via DNA sequencing. However, what happens after a genetic material is sequenced? The next step would be to annotate it, using genomic annotation. Genome annotation is the process of identifying the active parts of a genome, in other words, identifying all the parts of a DNA that code for something.

Cystic Fibrosis is a genetic disorder that is caused by a mutation in the Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator ( CFTR ) gene. Cystic Fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder; therefore in order for a patient to have CF, the patient has to have acquired at least one mutated CFTR gene from each parent whether homozygous or heterozygous.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting from demyelination, dangerous areas of the central nervous system (CNS) such as the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. MS is characterized by the destruction of myelin, the sheath that insulates the axon of a nerve, interrupting communication signals in the brain.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are biological markers in DNA that are associated with some diseases. SNPs are characterized as single nucleotide differences in the population that appear approximately every 300 base pairs, and can be found on either the coding or noncoding regions of a gene.

Metabolomics is the scientific study of chemical processes involving metabolites, the small molecule substrates, intermediates, and products of cell metabolism. Metabolites include various structure classes such as sugars, lipids, steroids, amino acids, etc. In other words, it determines the relative relationship between metabolites and physiological and pathological changes

It is a type of pancreatic cancer that is very common among pancreatic cancer patients. It begins in the exocrine compartment of the pancreas. WIthin the tumor the most important cells include cancer-associated fibroblasts and pancreatic stellate cells, which help create an extracellular matrix barrier against medicine.

HIV, or human immunodeficiency virus, that is transmitted through contact and transfer of blood, semen, and other fluids. This type of virus is unique in its infection, as it is classified as a retrovirus, a family of viruses that make use of the protein reverse transcriptase to integrate its genome into the host DNA and preserve its genetic material in the multiple divisions of the cell.

Telomeres are DNA structures at the end of chromosomes meant to prevent chromosomes from unintentionally degrading or sticking together. Each time mitosis occurs, they shorten, until their length prevents further cell division and triggers cell death.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, abbreviated APC , is a tumor suppressor gene that is commonly mutated in cancer. Particularly, APC mutations are commonly found in colorectal cancers. In fact, 90% of colorectal cancers have an APC mutation, making it a recurring theme in cancer research. The first time I encountered the APC gene was at an internship in the oncology department of my city hospital.